Psychology Assessing Infants and Young Children - 2086 Words

Assessing Infants and Young Children Since the beginning of psychoanalytic theory and investigation into the psychology of children, scientists and researchers have wondered how best to assess infants and young children in order to determine the intelligent and potential social and emotional level of the child in question. Lev Vygotsky was one of the first sociologists and psychologists exclusively interested in the study of child development and in the exploration over which education techniques would best serve children. Since the publication of his theories in the middle of the 20th century regarding child development and the importance of interaction, many have experimented with assessing the validity of his arguments regarding young children. Researchers have mostly examined his theory on the Zone of Proximal Development and Scaffolding wherein the childs base knowledge is used to determine the next step in their education. Two such investigations were conducted by Julia Chandra in 2008 and G.G. Kravsov in 2010, wherein each person performed a psychological experiment which tested the effectiveness of Vygotskys theories regarding development and his promotion of dynamic assessment. Although Vygotskys theories and methodologies are still useful in the present educational climate, the current aims of education require the modification of some of these principles. For example, education in the modern era is now more concerned with the acquisition of knowledge andShow MoreRelated Developmental Psychology Essay examples918 Words   |  4 Pages Developmental Psychology Attachments in Developments =========================== Developmental psychology is concerned with how our cognitions, emotions and behaviour change as we grow with age and experience. Babies, only a few months old develop close bonds called attachment bonds with some people in particular. These people are able to settle the child, if upset, more easily than others and the baby will become upset if separated from the attachment objectRead MoreEssay about The Importance and Intricacies of Sleep990 Words   |  4 Pagesdrastic change of the baby’s sleeping pattern. Infants do not sleep throughout the night since they have not yet developed a sleep cycle yet (Lampl). Infants sleep from 12-18 hours a day. In a study done to 46 infants it showed that the infant first sixteen weeks of life there was a decrease of the total hours of sleep the infant received per day. When infants sleep it is important to take notice that the non-supine position is a risk for sudden infant death syndrome (Smylie). Sleeping can affectRead MoreSample Undergraduate Psychology Essay1591 Words   |  7 PagesSAMPLE UNDERGRADUATE PSYCHOLOGY ESSAY NB This is not a perfect essay. It was graded at 60% (A 2.1) and the bibliography is missing! Drawing on Freudian and Attachment Theories assess the Relationship between early years experiences and criminality. Psychological theories have attempted to explain the reasons for and how criminality occurs. The psychoanalytic perspective involves two major theories - Freuds theory of the Sexual Stages of Development and the Theory of Attachment purposed by BowlbyRead MoreThe Relationship Between Adult Attachment Classification and Symptoms of Depression1652 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose The purpose of this study is to examine the relationship between adult attachment classification and symptoms of depression. By assessing adult attachment classifications in this study it is proposed it will identify individuals at risk to depressive symptoms and help in gaining a better understanding of the types of treatment interventions that may be most effective given an individual’s attachment style. One hundred undergraduate students will complete two online questionnaires eachRead MoreWhat Is Considered too Advanced for Toddlers? Essay1001 Words   |  5 Pagessame education to all children, regardless if they are more advanced than the rest of their peers. The educational material and tools such as toys, books and games that are used in the classrooms to educate children has been predetermined by a board of educators, but what happens when a child is too advanced for the educational tools or materials being used in that grade and when is it appropriate to give the child more advanced educational tools to use? Because some children are more advanced thanRead MoreCelebrities Provide Poor Role Models for Children1044 Words   |  5 PagesCelebrities provide poor role models for children. The purpose of this essay is to discuss celebrity role models and their influence positively or negatively on children. Throughout the world celebrities are role models to many people. Nauta and Kokaly (1999) define role models as â€Å"other person’s who, either by exerting some influence or simply by being admirable in one or more ways, have an impact on another†. In these modern times of excessive media coverage and the easy access of the WorldRead MoreEvidence Based Practice : An Important Aspect Of Many Professions772 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessions, especially ones based in science. Psychologists base their work on the science of psychology and follow a code of ethics, part of that code is competence. The practices used by psychologists need to be based on scientific research that has been peer reviewed. This helps the psychologists avoid making mistakes by using practices that could be harmful or that do not work. Identifying and assessing evidence-based practices before you implement them is very important (USDHHS). It is easyRead MorePsychological Assessment5471 Words à ‚  |  22 PagesEmirates A Discussion on Psychological Assessment in Early Childhood. ASSIGNMENT 03 – PYC4807 – STUDENT NUMBER 30440351 Table of Contents Page 1. Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 2. Reasons for Assessing Young Children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3. Tests for Infants and Preschoolers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 4 5 4. Factors of Childhood Assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 6 4.1 Characteristics of the Child†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 4.2 Social Context of Assessment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreThe Journal Of Traumatic Stress1838 Words   |  8 PagesConnie Shotts CA301 In the Journal of Traumatic Stress, the article â€Å"Stress Among Young Urban Children Exposed to Family Violence and Other Potentially Traumatic Events† by Cindy A. Crusto of Yale University School of Medicine, Melissa L. Whitson of the University of New Haven, Sherry M. Walling of Fresno Pacific University, Richard Feinn of the University of Connecticut Health Sciences Center, Farmington, Stacey R. Friedman of the Foundation for Advancement of International Medical Education andRead MoreCyp 3.2 Promote Young Person and Child Development Essay2129 Words   |  9 PagesCYP 3.2 Promote Young Person and Child Development Be able to assess the development needs of children and young people and prepare a development plan What are the most relevant factors to be aware of when assessing a child or young person’s development? All children and young people are different and have different needs. Similarly, a family’s ability to respond to and meet all their needs may also differ. In some circumstances, professional assessment may be required to identify strengths and

Local Self Government - 3434 Words

Introduction Local government institutions have always existed in India in one form or another since ancient times. The present form of urban local government owes its genesis to the British rule. The initiation began with Samuel Laing, member of the Viceroys Council, in the Budget Speech (1861-62) proposing that local services should be based on local resources. Lord Mayos Resolution of 1870 introduced the concept of elected representatives in the municipalities. Lord Ripon is considered the founding father of urban local government as he implanted the concept of municipal authorities as units of self-government. His Resolution of 18 May 1882 on local self-government dealt with the constitution of local bodies, their functions, finances†¦show more content†¦The government had a direct link with the peasants instead of the feudatories. The Chola kings had adopted the Yuvaraja during king`s rule. The orders of the kings were written and copies of it would be sent to respective departments and officers. The royal priest was the reliable advisor of the King. Development of local self government was one of the most striking features of administration of the Chola dynasty. The villages were given autonomy despite centralised system of governance. The Chola officials acted as advisors to village assemblies and there was no interference in daily administration. Thus there was continuity in village administration despite political upheavals. The general assembly was classified into tax paying villagers, Brahmins and traders. The central government officers examined accounts and supervised the work of the tax paying villagers. The village assemblies received gifts from rich men or from king for developmental activities. The feudatories were unable to impede in the village management. Their job was very clerical in the sense it was a mere collection of taxes and passing the share to the King. Elaborate and complicated mechanisms are the attributes of Chola administration. Administration under the Chola dynasty was systematically conducted. Autonomy along with centralization was moderately followed in each and every level. Revenue, justice, governance and military were given priorShow MoreRelatedMerits And Demerits Of State Funding1263 Words   |  6 Pagesbe sustainable if not for the backing of the Government-backed scheme. â€Å"Self-Help Housing† draws on groups of local people utilising local skills, tradesman and the third sector to bring back into use empty properties that are in ‘limbo’, awaiting decisions about their future use or their re-development (http://self-help-housing.org/). It is different from â€Å"self-build housing projects†, which choose to construct permanent dwellings from scratch. Self-help housing groups (or Community-led Organisations)Read MoreThe Constitutional Monarchy System Of Nepal1459 Words   |  6 PagesParty-Maoist started civil war and ended in 2006. A decade-long civil war had 42 demands but 2 demands were noteworthy that were constituent assembly election (CA) and federal system in Nepal. There was a peace process agreement between Maoist and government of Nepal in 2006. Constituent elections were held two times. After CA election, a new federal constitution has been made in 2015 but it will not be functioning until new federal election is done. People have taken it negatively and positively bothRead MoreNorth Asian Country : A Centralized Country Ruled By Authoritarian Government1035 Words   |  5 PagesGovernances’ Transformation Despite the difference in the political system, both countries, initially, was a centralized country ruled by authoritarian government which had full control over the forest resources. Along with the unfair distributed benefit and economic development orientation, the forest resources become heavily abused by the governments and the local forest communities which drastically accelerate the rate of the deforestation (Resosudarmo and Yusuf 2006; Sunderlin and Huynh 2005). SunderlinRead MoreThe Classification Of Municipal Government1547 Words   |  7 PagesFrom this Chapter, I understand the classification of municipal government from small to big at different scale and also what do the local governments do. The main role is the democratic and service provision. when studying the relationship between these two aspects, some questions are also proposed: is that only when you have property, can you really participate in the vote or democracy? Does the local government responsible to t he province about the finances? Or should it responsible to its peopleRead MoreMinimum Costs Under A Federally Funded Grants Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesAllowable Costs under a Federal Grant State and local governments acquire federally funded grants as a form of financing. To ensure said state and local governments properly utilize such grant monies, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) has implemented cost principles by which recipients of federally funded grants must comply in utilizing grant funds (Reck, Lowensohn, Wilson, 2013). As the local government has incurred expenses which have been charged to the grant, the audit team mustRead MoreSocial Policy For Shared Societies982 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessionals from different fields for new work. PWSN not only acts as planners but also implements of development plans at the local level. PWSN is helping with mobilizing the local resources to the development growth. This organization is supporting for building a self-reliant sustainable society. The best role of this organization is to mediate between the government and local people. PWSN is also playing an important role to reduce ethnic conflict by lau nching rural community participatory programsRead MoreImproving Effective Service Delivery Throughout The Country1612 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Papua New Guinea has undergone numerous government reforms with the aim of improving effective service delivery throughout the country. Since its independence in 1975 the country has achieved a lot in terms of development especially in the urban areas but not much has been achieved in the rural areas. Recently, the government has come up with the District Development Authority as a development in bringing funding closer to the people in the districts. The District Development AuthorityRead MoreThe National Democratic Republic Of Nepal1439 Words   |  6 Pagesprocess agreement between Maoist and government of Nepal. Constituent elections were held for two times. After CA election, a new federal constitution has been drafted in 2015 but it will not be functioning until new federal election is done. ‘On one hand, the constitution is being rightly said to be amongst the most progressive in Asia guaranteeing equal rights to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community and prov iding representation for the same in government mechanisms’ (P. Rohit, 2015). AfterRead MoreLocal Government And Public Government1608 Words   |  7 Pages LOCAL GOVERNMENT Local government is a form of public administration which, in a majority of contexts, exists as the lowest tier of administration within a given state. The term is used to contrast with offices at state level, which are referred to as the central government, national government, or (where appropriate) federal government and also to supranational government which deals with governing institutions between states. Local governments generally act within powers delegated to them byRead MoreReconstruction Of Post Disaster Management1180 Words   |  5 Pagesopportunities as well, by reducing vulnerabilities through rebuilding-back-better. †¢ The Policy should also have recognized that rehabilitation and reconstruction shall promote development at reduced risk of disaster for communities in future and local communities could be empowered through land reforms, for generation of means of alternative livelihood, introduction of new technologies for improved housing and infrastructure and restructuring of the economic base, etc. Role of Relevant Stakeholders

Understanding the Modern World

Question: Discuss about theUnderstanding the Modern World. Answer: Introduction The world has drastically changed since the occurrence of the two worldwide wars among the power mongering countries, which has gradually led to an era where from social life to economy, everything has turned to become technology oriented (Craib 2015). The present paper is attempting to make a valid comparison as well as contrast between societies those have gone through a rapid evolution from the year 1500 to 1800. More specifically, it is to say that the present essay is going to understand the contrast between Geoffrey Blaines account regarding life and society between the periods of 1500 to 1800 and the life and society of present times. As per Blaines narration jotted in the chapter called Dethroning the harvest, irrespective of any country most of the typical or common families between the timeline of 1500 to 1800 lived a life where there had been little chances for them to own a land of their own (Blainey 2003). Therefore, it has been understood that most of them suffered through an unfortunate life yet living in a productive year. The cause of such social distress as per Blaines vision and account has been the compulsion, which had led most of the inhabitants existing between this time line to work as a labor in the trade centers or in others farms to satisfy their very basic needs. It can be understood that the daily life of the common inhabitants has not been graceful. Moreover, it could be interpreted from the account of Blaine that lives of most of the common individuals have been to earn a full bowl of meal for daily survival in terms of satisfaction (Blainey 2003). In this regard, it is unfortunate to note that lives of most of people belonging to middle and lower middle class families of the developing countries have been found to be the same. In third world countries like India, Indonesia, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and most of countries of Africa, people still now survive by working in others farms and struggles hard to acquire a minimum standard of living (Crone 2015). It can be comprehended from Blaines account that lives of people belonging to the timeline of 1500 to 1800 predominantly evolved around the activity of harvesting. Specifically, in the early 1500, one of the common choices of common people had been to scavenge and forage, while in the initial period of 1800, the society from the corner of south China Sea to the inland lakes of America the has encountered a substantial occupational change. In other words, the fruitful side of harvesting grains flooded the minds of most of the people of the world and irrespective of sex, lives of almo st every single inhabitant started to revolve around this distinct occupation (Blainey 2003). It is to contribute in this respect that probably in the current era, for most of the people belonging to the rural societies; it is possibly a hard to imagine a harvest-centric life (Giddens 2013). Hence, it is to say that the predominant difference between the lifestyle and socio-economic background of the modern time and the period of 1500 to 1800 is the occupation of harvesting grain has been isolated to the rural lives of most of the territories. In this respect, it should be considered that the reason behind this incongruity is possibly the monstrous emergence and advancement of the aspect of industrialization (Hatch and Cunliffe 2013). However, in the considered chapter of Blaine, it has been identified that the single aspect of harvesting grain triumphed over the food habits of most of the inhabitants. From using it to for making bread to prepare Gruel, grains has become almost an essential part of the daily live in the period of 1500-1800 (Belk 2016). On the other side, in the European land, breeding of Barley had been mainly done for preparing beer. Thus, it can be coherently perceived that consumption of alcohol had become a necessary aspect of daily diet specifically for the country of England. Even it has been narrated that the children of the contemporary society of England had been parts of the tradition of consuming alcohol at the dinner table (Blainey 2003). However, in the modern era there has been little evidence about the fact that children are taking active part in drinking alcohol along with their guardians at the time of meal. Nevertheless, it should be contemplated that the habit of alcohol consump tion in almost every developed countries has been probably drawn from the practice from this very old culture of brewing beer from Barley (Henslin et al. 2011). However, with the occupational culture of growing grains, there came a simple economic ambience, which is comprised of systems like Barter and use of gold coins. On the contrary, the modern community, which is growing with fast technical advancement and innovative occupational culture, has developed its economic orientation with the banking system. On the other hand, it has been understood that harvesting grains have also become an inevitable part of the religious practices. It is well understandable that in a society where the socio-economic dimension has been largely dominated by the culture of harvesting grains; the same aspect would highly determine the religious activities (Macionis and Plummer 2011). It has been noted from the chapter that this individual facet used to determine the premise of family planning. In the modern society, as per the observation, family planning is relatively personal and depends on the individuals of distinct families whereas the society of the pre-modern era used to be determined by the amount of harvested corp. It is interesting to note that the keeping cats for domestic purpose have been started from the sixteenth century when they are kept in home for catching mice. Here it is to say that the purpose of keeping cats in terms of having pets has been also related with grain harvesting, as cats are helpful in killing rats that largely produce damage on grains. This particular concept of keeping pets for domestic use is continuing in the modern era in form of growing poultries and animal firms. Therefore, it can be concluded that the main difference between the life and society of modern times and of the pre-modern era is, modern life has become more technology and industry centric whereas pre-modern society used to mainly evolve around harvesting corp. References Belk, R., 2016. A history of global consumption, 15001800.Consumption Markets Culture,19(2), pp.244-247. Blainey, G., 2003.Dethroning the harvest in A short history of the world, Viking, Ringwood, pp.409-429. Craib, I., 2015.Modern social theory. Routledge. Crone, P., 2015.Pre-Industrial Societies: Anatomy of the pre-modern world. Oneworld Publications. Giddens, A., 2013.The transformation of intimacy: Sexuality, love and eroticism in modern societies. John Wiley Sons. Hatch, M.J. and Cunliffe, A.L., 2013.Organization theory: modern, symbolic and postmodern perspectives. Oxford university press. Henslin, J.M., Possamai, A.M., and Possamai-Inesedy., 2011.Sociology: A down to earth approach. Pearson Higher Education AU, Frenchs Forrest, pp. 136-140. Macionis, J. and Plummer, K., 2011. Sociology: a global introduction, 5th edn, Pearson Prentice Hall, Harlow, pp. 105-113.

Occurrence At Owl Creek Essays - An Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge

Occurrence At Owl Creek Bridge By Bierce "An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge" can be considered a work of realism for three reasons. The first is Bierce's utilization of his own military background giving this story a sense of authenticity. Bierce also conveys his cynicism after leading the reader to believe otherwise. Finally, this story provides social critique of the south during the Civil War. Bierce goes to great lengths to describe the opening sequence in terms of its military arrangement. He provides vivid images of troop formations and soldier stances like "a single company of infantry in line, at 'parade rest' the butts of the rifles on the ground, the barrels inclining backward against the right shoulder, the hands crossed upon the stock." (Bierce 269). He also takes the time to describe exactly how fortified the Owl Creek Bridge is. He shows his military experience by describing a road that stretches out of site and assuming that "Doubtless there was an outpost farther along." (Bierce 269). The procedures of a military execution were explained thoroughly including the code of conduct: "In the code of military etiquette silence and fixity are forms of deference." (Bierce 269). Bierce earned the nickname "Bitter Bierce" (Bierce 268) early in his life for his cynicism. This is not evident in this story until the end. The third and final part begins with a sequence of miraculous occurrences allowing Peyton Farquhar to escape from his hanging. The description of these events leads the reader to believe that Bierce is a Romantic author rather than a realist. The rope breaks dropping him into the creek. He then uses his "superhuman strength" (Bierce 272) to remove the rope from around his neck. Peyton is then blessed with augmented senses seeing the veins on leaves in the forest and hearing gnats and dragonfly wings in the distance. He then sees the eye of a marksmen on the bridge through the scope on the rifle. Amazingly, this marksman misses what should be an easy target and allows Farquhar to swim farther downstream. Peyton then manages to avoid a barrage of bullets, cannon fire, and finally grapeshot and is only wounded by one bullet. In contrast to the first part, the scenery is now described as a dream world of "strange roseate light", trees that look like "giant garden plants", and "great golden stars" (Bierce 274). He describes the arrangement of the trees as having "definite order" and the stars are in order of "secret and malign significance" (Bierce 274). This suggests what Peyton is seeing is contrived rather than real. The author also gives more direct hints to what happens in actuality. In the first part Farquhar imagines how he would escape while he is waiting to be hung which coincidentally is how it happens. In the end, his final thought is of his wife greeting him at the front gate. This is revealed initially in the first part: "He closed his eyes in order to fix his last thoughts upon his wife and children." (Bierce 270). Another indication is the reference to the single bullet to hit him in the water. The wound is to his neck and described as uncomfortably warm. This is much like the description of how the noose felt around his neck. The cannonball that hits nearby creates a wave that "strangles" Peyton. Later in Farquhar's journey his tongue is swollen and his eyes no longer shut. His tongue is stuck out and he loses feeling of the ground. These are all physical manifestations of his hanging that intrude on the escape fantasy. Just as Peyton approaches his wife is when Bierce finally reveals Farquhar's true fate. He feels a blow to the back of his neck and then there is darkness and silence. After painting a picture of Peyton Farquhar's miraculous escape, Bierce brings cruel reality by allowing him to be executed thereby showing his cynicism. The third aspect of Ambrose Bierce's writing that makes him a realist was his use of social critique of the Civil War southerner. Peyton is a wealthy Alabama plantation and slave owner who is therefore devoted to the southern cause. His patriotism can be seen by his desire for service in the "gallant army that fought in the disastrous campaigns" (Bierce 271). Peyton knows that his "opportunity for distinction" (Bierce 271) will come and feels that no task is too small. He is not to serve in the confederate army due to "circumstances of an imperious nature" (Bierce 270). This statement shows that the only people who didn't fight