Educational Technology Essay

commandmental applied science is the deal and ethical example of facilita erectg learnedness and rectify get alongance by creating, victimisation and managing take away technological cargon fores and resources. The margin informational applied science is frequently associated with, and encompasses, studyal possibleness and breeding theory. While focusal engineering is the theory and practice of blueprint, instruction, utilization, perplexity, and evaluation of processes and resources for reading, according to the railroad tie for educational Communications and engineering (AECT) Definitions and invents Committee,educational engineering science includes other agreements usanced in the process of developing benignant cap index. educational applied science includes, that is non check to, softw be, hardw atomic turn of events 18, as fountainhead as earnings applications, much(prenominal) as wikis and blogs, and activities. exactly in that respect is still debate on what these monetary value mean.3 engineering science of education is most evidently and comfortably defined as an whizzt of tools that might prove cooperative in advancing student acquirement and may be measured in how and why man-to-mans be stick out.educational applied science relies on a broad definition of the intelligence randomness engineering. engineering science john refer to material objects of concept to graciousity, such as implements or hardw ar, but it can to a fault encompass broader themes, including dodges, methods of organization, and techniques. slightly(prenominal) recente tools include but ar non limited to overhead projectors, laptop computer computers, and calculators. Newer tools such as smartphones and games ( both(prenominal) online and offline) be stolon-class honours degree to draw serious attention for their encyclopedism potential. Media psychology is the battleground of study that applies theories in hu man behavior to educational engineering. fancy the Handbook of Human execution of instrument applied science. The word applied science for the sister palm of educational and Human Performance engine room message applied science.In other words, either valid and reliable process or procedure that is derived from basic look into victimization the scientific method is considered a engine room. educational or Human Performance Technology may be be strictly on algorithmic or heuristic program processes, but neither necessarily implies sensual technology. The word technology comes from the Greek techne which essence craft or art. Another word, technique, with the identical production line, overly may be utilise when considering the field educational Technology. So educational Technology may be protracted to include the techniques of the pedagogue.A classic exercise of an educational Psychology schoolbook is bills 1956 book, Taxonomy of educational Objectives. blos somings Taxonomy is helpful when intention learning activities to keep in mind what is expected ofand what are the learning goals forlearners. However, Blooms work does not explicitly deal with educational technology per se and is more than concerned with pedagogic strategies. correspond to some, an educational Technologist is person who transforms basic educational and psychological research into an evidence-based applied science (or a technology) of learning or instruction.Educational Technologists typic entirely(a)y bear a graduate degree (Masters, Doctorate, Ph.D., or D.Phil.) in a field relate to educational psychology, educational media, experimental psychology, cognitive psychology or, more purely, in the field of Educational, Instructional or Human Performance Technology orInstructional Systems Design. But few of those listed beneath as theorists would ever use the term educational technologist as a term to describe themselves, preferring term such as educator.The t ransformation of educational technology from a cottage industry to a profession is dea direct by Shurville, Browne, and Whitaker.Definition of wrongEvaluation is a imperious finding of a subjects merit, worth(predicate) and significance, using criteria governed by a luck of standards. It can get an organization to rate any aim, realizable im insistencyion or proposal, or any alternative, to help in decision- qualification or to ascertain the degree of acquirement or value in cipher to the aim and objectives and de interpreters of any such meet that has been completed. Technology is the making, modification, usage, and familiarity of tools, machines, techniques, crafts, corpses, methods of organization, in station to solve a problem, improve a preexisting solution to a problem, obtain a goal, handle an applied gossip/output relation or perform a specific function. It can also refer to the collection of such tools, machinery, modifications, arrangements and procedur es. Technologies significantly affect human as soundly as other physical species ability to control and adapt to their indispensable env pushments.Educational technology is the use of technology to improve belief and learning. the treatment of the process by which pack learn, as a systematic process based on objectives, with strategies and systems to accomplish them a set of expensive tools sell to indoctrinates purporting to improve learning but not actually be to do so information and communication technology (ICT), is often employ as an extended equivalent word for information technology (IT), but is a more specific term that stresses the trade of unified communications1 and the integration oftelecommunications (telephone lines and wireless signals), computers as tumesce as necessaryenterprise software, meatware, storage, and audio-visual systems, which enable users to access, store, disseminate, and contain information.Classifications of Educational Technology When we hear the word technology today, we would immediately think of the intercede instructional materials particularly those, which are computer-based. But technology also includes the indigenous materials which consecrate been apply in the past and which study been proven as reliable. They relieve oneself proven their worth especially to the teachers in the advance(prenominal) days. According to the Equilibrium Theory of Education, the schools which are supposed to transmit roll up k straight offledge and skills to students, that students are given balance of the darkened and pertly learning so that they exit not lose track of the finest pedagogic conclusion which have been demonstrable and accumulated all finished the forms. The classification of Educational Technology is divided into two which is the followers* Material TechnologyMaterial Technology is divided by two which is the lo-tech piece of music technology and the hi-tech mediated technology Lo-tech moti f technology* It is also called handed-down instructional materials these are indigenous materials normally real objects or those that are make of paper and cardboards. They are still here to stay because not all schools are weaponed with technology tools and not all teachers are ready to embrace sophisticated technology.Hi-tech mediated technology* often quantifys called as the mediated technology, it includes those, which are presented using media equipment or hardware. The most persuasive modern technology for teaching and learning in these contemporary snips is the computer and its discordant applications. In fact all educational efforts are being geared toward its used. Its persuasiveness in teaching and learning has been wide recognized.* Non-Material TechnologyThis includes theories, laws, principles, methods and strategies of teaching. They evolved results of researches and studies in tramp to speed teaching and learning.Applications of Educational TechnologyA gr aceful application of educational technology can result to im turn out sorcerer and perception that will lead to eccentric learning. Educational technology transcends geographical barriers, scotch students to experiences beyond classroom, disseminate instruction across large areas and make education more accessible to more people. If Educational Technology is properly selected and used the students can do the following * Arouse and sustain the pertain and attention of the students. * Concretize conceits and ideas to promote important learning. * illuminate learning more expireing by providing rich experiences. * Provide self-activities for self-governing learning.* Increase ones lexicon by eliminating verbalism* Promote continuity of prospect* Increase the quality of learning time decreasing the time spent* take for students vigilantness* Make learning more interactive* Choosing and applying educational technology.Evaluation in Educational TechnologyAs education syst ems, in particular Technology Education, adapt to new-made expectations for routineary students entering an uncertain workforce, the time is appropriate to investigate the need for school facilities to meet these present demands and those that continue to qualify curricula. This study has been conducted in order to coiffure the rapidness essentials for the delivery of the evolving technology/ manual(a) arts programme in Queensland. A set of validated design criteria for evaluating technology education and vocational education settings was essential and rilled to assist the designer of such facilities to meet the call for of this area on schools intentional in incompatible eras from the 1960s to the present. A review of the produce literature would express that little has been indite on this cyclorama of facilities design. While related studies have been conducted in North the States, they were not confined to the designing of the facilities and only had specific rele vance in that country.An expert group consisting of prominent Queensland educators take into accountd the urge for developing the criteria which had been generated by dint of a systematic search of the literature. The methodology utilised to postulate the expert group was the Nominal free radical Technique. After the criteria had been essential, they were validated by questionnaire through a 30% random es avow of practicing heads of department across Queensland in both state and independent systems. A trial evaluation using current facilities was after conducted to determine the effectiveness of the criteria in terms of teacher acceptability as sanitary as establishing a pattern of needs for modification.Practitioners who use the facility for teaching technology education and/or vocational education could use the set of criteria to approximate their facility in a similar elan to that of evaluating their students. Such evaluations could then become the understructure for f fiture school throwning and budgetary allocations as well as asset management of existing facilities. The study proved to be valuable as the validated criteria have the potential of being used as a tool by teachers to evaluate their facilities. At the systems level of operation, the criteria will picture assistance for designers, architects and teachers to prepare informal educational briefs. Such briefs would provide a consistent approach to the some times difficult task of cl proterozoic formation the function of a facility. The modem facility essential meet the needs of current curriculum and be sufficiently flexible and universal to provide the educational requirements well into the ordinal century. These developed criteria will greatly assist in this process.OverviewIt is a great recognize for me to join in the celebration of the centesimal birthday of National capital of Taiwan Teachers College. In the United States, this year is also the centesimal anniversary of a f amous march, the Stars and stripes Forever, composed by the revered bandmaster, legerdemain Phillips Sousa in 1896. I learned this when I attended a band contrive this fall, celebrating the blowth anniversary of the Department of Bands at Indiana University. During the concert I was idea just about what I might say today, and I realized that National Taipei Teachers College, the IU Department of Bands, and the Stars and bar Forever are all 100 years old this year. I plan to remonstrate today on the idea evaluation of use of information technology in education.First, I will discuss the use of information technology as a lever for spay in educational systems and practice. Second, I will talk about the development of criteria for evaluating information technology systems in K-12 education. During 1993-95, I played a central role on a team of faculty and graduate students at Indiana University who helped develop these criteria for the National postulate of School Evaluation. I will provide a brief overview of the criteria for use of information technology in K-12 education in the United States. Finally, I will share my personal philosophy on use of technology in education.Stability and sort in EducationThe mankindation of A Nation at Risk in 1983 helped to renew U.S. efforts to farther improve public schooling. We have given names to these rectify efforts such as site-based management, school restructuring and educational systems design (cf. Banathy, 1991 Reigeluth, 1992 Frick, 1993). One difficulty in changing a system is that it tends to extend the same. Systems try to attain and maintain some level of perceptual constancy (cf. Maccia & Maccia, 1975 1966). The heavy(p) challenge is How can we overcome this stability in our education systems in order to make positive changes, without harming what is already satisfactory and should not be changed?One educator in Indiana has joked that the problem of acquire our schools to change is like tryin g to change the direction of a big elephant divergence 100 miles per hour. Indicators of Quality Information Technology Systems in Education The National shoot of School Evaluation recently publish Technology Indicators of Quality Information Technology Systems in K-12 Schools (NSSE, 1996). This publication provides * a muckle for student learning in technology through suggestions of performance indicators at the elementary, mid(prenominal)dle and high school levels, * indicators for judging how a schools instructional system supports learning achievement in technology, and * indicators for evaluating how a schools organizational system supports its vision.History of Educational Technology during antique timesthither is no scripted evidence which can tell us exactly who has coined the phrase educational technology. unhomogeneous educationists, scientists and philosophers at different time intervals have put forwarded different definitions of Educational Technology. Educationa l technology is a multifaceted and corporate process involving people, procedure, ideas, devices, and organization, where technology from different fields of science is borrowed as per the need and requirement of education for implementing, evaluating, and managing solutions to those problems involved in all aspects of human learning. Educational technology, broadly speaking, has passed through five coiffures. The first stage of educational technology is coupled with the use of aid like charts, maps, symbols, models, specimens and concrete materials.The term educational technology was used as synonyms to audio-visual assist. The second stage of educational technology is associated with the electronic revolution with the introduction and establishment of civilise hardware and software. Use of various audio-visual support like projector, magic lanterns, tape-recorder, radio and television receiver brought a revolutionary change in the educational scenario. Accordingly, educatio nal technology ideal was taken in terms of these forward-looking instruments and equipments for effective presentation of instructional materials. The tertiary stage of educational technology is cogitate with the development of mass media which in work led to communication revolution for instructional purposes. Computer-assisted Instruction (CAI) used for education since fifties also became popular during this era.The fourth stage of educational technology is discernible by the individualized process of instruction. The pattern of programmed learning and programmed instruction provided a new belongings to educational technology. A system of self-learning based on self-instructional materials and teaching machines emerged. The latest concept of educational technology is influenced by the concept of system engineering or system approach which focuses on lecture laboratories, teaching machines, programmed instruction, multimedia technologies and the use of the computer in inst ruction. According to it, educational technology is a systematic way of designing, carrying out and evaluating the amount of money process of teaching and learning in terms of specific objectives based on research.Educational technology during the Stone grow, the bronzy senesce, and the Iron Age Educational technology, notwithstanding the uncertainty of the origin of the term, can be traced back to the time of the three-age system rate of flowization of human pre taradiddle namely the Stone Age, the bronzy Age, and the Iron Age. Duringthe Stone Age, ignition of push aside by rubbing sways, manufacture of various hand do weapon and utensils from stones and clothing practice were some of the simple technological developments of lowest importance. A fraction of Stone Age people developed ocean-worthy outrigger canoe post technology to migrate from one entrust to another across the Ocean, by which they developed their first informal education of knowledge of the ocean curren ts, weather conditions, sailing practice, astronavigation, and star maps. During the afterwards Stone Age period (neolithic period),for untaught practice, polished stone tools were make from a variety of hard rocks for the most part by digging underground tunnels, which can be considered as the first go in mining technology.The polished axes were so effective that even after behavior of bronze and iron people used it for clearing forest and the establishment of educate farming. Although Stone Age cultures left no written records, but archaeological evidences proved their sacque from nomadic life to agricultural settlement. quaint tools conserved in different museums, cave paintings like Altamira Cave in Spain, and other prehistoric art, such as the Venus of Willendorf, Mother Goddess from Laussel, France and so on are some of the evidences in favour of their cultures. Neolithic Revolution of Stone Age resulted into the bearing of bronzy Age with development of agriculture , animal domestication, and the adoption of permanent settlements. For these practices Bronze Age people further developed coat smelting, with copper and later bronze, an alloy of tin and copper, being the materials of their choice.The Iron Age people replaced bronze and developed the knowledge of iron smelting technology to lower the cost of liveliness since iron utensils were stronger and cheaper than bronze equivalents. In some Eurasian cultures, the Iron Age was the last period before the development of written scripts. Educational technology during the period of Ancient subtletys According to Paul Saettler, 2004, Educational technology can be traced back to the time when tribal priests systematized bodies of knowledge and ancient cultures invented pictographs or sign writing to record and transmit information. In every stage of human civilization, one can find an instructional technique or set of procedures intend to implement a particular culture which were also supported b y number of investigations and evidences. The more advanced the culture, the more involved became the technology of instruction designed to reflect particular ways of individual and neighborly behaviour intended to run an meliorate society. Over centuries, each significant shift in educational values, goals or objectives led to diverse technologies of instruction.The greatest advances in technology and engineering came with the rise of the ancient civilizations. These advances touch and educated other societies in the gentleman to adopt new ways of life history and governance. The Indus Valley Civilization was an early Bronze Age civilization which was located in the northwestern region of the Indian Subcontinent. The civilization was primarily flourished around the Indus River basin of the Indus and the Punjab region, extending upto the Ghaggar-Hakra River valley and the Ganges-Yamuna Doab, (most of the part is under todays Pakistan and the western states of modern-day Indi a as well as some part of the civilization extending upto southeastern Afghanistan, and the easternmost part of Balochistan, Iran). There is a long term careen to be sure about the language that the Harappan people spoke. It is assumed that their writing was at least seems to be or a pictographic script.The script appears to have had about 400 basic signs, with lots of variations. commonwealth write their script with the direction in the main from rightly to left. Most of the writing was strand on seals and sealings which were probably used in trade and official & administrative work. Harappan people had the knowledge of the measuring tools of length, mass, and time. They were the first in the world to develop a system of uniform weights and measures. In a study carried out by P. N. Rao et al. in 2009, published in cognition, computer scientists found that the Indus scripts pattern is approximate to that of spoken words, which supported the proposed hypothesis that it code s for an as-yet-unknown language.According to the Chinese Civilization, some of the major techno-offerings from mainland China include paper, early seismological detectors, flock paper, matches, iron plough, the multi-tube seed drill, the suspension bridge, the wheelbarrow, the parachute, natural gas as fuel, the magnetic compass, the raised-relief map, the dump furnace, the propeller, the crossbow, the South Pointing Chariot, and gun powder. With the invent of paper they have given their first trample towards developments of educational technology by further culturing different handmade products of paper as means of visual aids.Ancient Egyptian language was at one destine one of the longest surviving and used languages in the world. Their script was made up of pictures of the real things like birds, animals, different tools, etc. These pictures are popularly called hieroglyph. Their language was made up of above 500 hieroglyphs which are known as hieroglyphics. On the stone mon uments or tombs which were discovered and rescued latter(prenominal) on provides the evidence of existence of some(prenominal) forms of artistic hieroglyphics in ancient Egypt.Educational technology during Medieval and Modern gunpointPaper and the pulp papermaking process which was developed in China during the early second century AD, was carried to the Middle East and was rotate to Mediterranean by the Muslim conquests. Evidences support that a paper mill was also established in Sicily in the twelfth century. The discovery of spinning wheel increase the productivity of thread making process to a great extent and when Lynn neat added the spinning wheel with increasing bring home the bacon of rags, this led to the production of cheap paper, which was a bloom factor in the development of printing technology. The invention of the printing press was taken place in nearly 1450 AD, by Johannes Gutenburg, a German inventor. The invention of printing press was a prime developmental f actor in the history of educational technology to convey the instruction as per the need of the complex and advanced-technology gracious society.In the pre-industrial phases, while industry was manifestly the handwork at artisan level, the instructional processes were relied heavily upon simple things like the slate, the cornet book, the blackboard, and chalk. It was limited to a single text book with a few illustrations. Educational technology was considered synonymous to simple aids like charts and pictures. The year 1873 may be considered a landmark in the early history of technology of education or audio-visual education. An array was held in Vienna at international level in which an the Statesn school won the admiration of the educators for the exhibition of maps, charts, textbooks and other equipments. Maria Montessori (1870-1952), internationally noteworthy child educator and the originator of Montessori mode exerted a dynamic impact on educational technology through he r development of graded materials designed to provide for the proper sequencing of subject matter for each individual learner. Modern educational technology suggests umteen extension of Montessoris idea of prepared child centered environment.In1833, Charles Babbages design of a general purpose figuring device laid the foundation of the modern computer and in 1943, the first compute machine as per hi design was constructed by International Business Machines mountain in USA. The Computer Assisted instruction (CAI) in which the computer functions essentially as a tutor as well as the Talking Type writer was developed by O.K. Moore in 1966. Since 1974, computers are interestingly used in education in schools, colleges and universities. In the beginning of the nineteenth century, there were noteworthy changes in the field of education. British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), right from its start of school broadcasts in 1920 had retained rapid pace in making sound contribution to for mal education. In the USA, by 1952, 20 states had the provision for educational broadcasting. Parallel to this time about 98% of the schools in United Kingdom were equipped with radios and there were regular daily programmes.Sidney L. Pressey, a psychologist of Ohio state university developed a self-teaching machine called Drum Tutor in 1920. professor Skinner, however, in his famous article Science of Learning and art of Teaching published in 1945 pleaded for the application of the knowledge derived from behavioural psychology to classroom procedures and suggested automated teaching devices as means of doing so. Although the first hardheaded use of Regular television broadcasts was in Germany in 1929 and in 1936 the Olympic Games in Berlin were broadcasted through television stations in Berlin, Open circuit television began to be used primarily for broadcasting programmes for delight in 1950. Since 1960, television is used for educational purposes. In 1950, Brynmor, in England, used educational technological steps for the first time.It is to be cared that in 1960, as a result of industrial revolution in America and Russia, other countries also started progressing in the filed of educational technology. In this way, the beginning of educational technology took place in 1960 from America and Russia and now it has reached England, Europe and India. During the time of around 1950s, new technocracy was turning it attraction to educations when there was a steep shortage of teachers in America and therefore an urgent need of educational technology was felt.Dr. Alvin C. Eurich and a little later his associate, Dr. Alexander J. Stoddard introduced mass production technology in America. Team teaching had its origin in America in the mid of 1950s and was first started in the year 1955 at Harvard University as a part of internship plan. In the year 1956, Benjamin Bloom from USA introduced the taxonomy of educational objectives through his publication, The Taxonomy of Educational Objectives, The Classification of Educational Goals, Handbook I Cognitive Domain.